Arithmetic progression

In mathematics, an arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant. For instance, the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, … is an arithmetic progression with common difference 2.

If the initial term of an arithmetic progression is $a_1$ and the common difference of successive members is d, then the nth term of the sequence is given by:

$\ a_n = a_1 %2B (n - 1)d,$

and in general

$\ a_n = a_m %2B (n - m)d.$

A finite portion of an arithmetic progression is called a finite arithmetic progression and sometimes just called an arithmetic progression.

The behavior of the arithmetic progression depends on the common difference d. If the common difference is:

Positive, the members (terms) will grow towards positive infinity.
Negative, the members (terms) will grow towards negative infinity.

1 Sum
2 Product
3 References
4 See Also
5 External links

Sum

The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series.

Expressing the arithmetic series in two different ways:

$S_n=a_1%2B(a_1%2Bd)%2B(a_1%2B2d)%2B\cdots%2B(a_1%2B(n-2)d)%2B(a_1%2B(n-1)d)$

$S_n=(a_n-(n-1)d)%2B(a_n-(n-2)d)%2B\cdots%2B(a_n-2d)%2B(a_n-d)%2Ba_n.$

Adding both sides of the two equations, all terms involving d cancel:

$\ 2S_n=n(a_1%2Ba_n).$

Dividing both sides by 2 produces a common form of the equation:

$S_n=\frac{n}{2}( a_1 %2B a_n).$

An alternate form results from re-inserting the substitution: $a_n = a_1 %2B (n-1)d$ :

$S_n=\frac{n}{2}[ 2a_1 %2B (n-1)d].$

In 499 CE Aryabhata, a prominent mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy, gave this method in the Aryabhatiya (section 2.18) .^[1]

So, for example, the sum of the terms of the arithmetic progression given by a_n = 3 + (n-1)(5) up to the 50th term is

$S_{50} = \frac{50}{2}[2(3) %2B (49)(5)] = 6,275.$

Product

The product of the members of a finite arithmetic progression with an initial element a₁, common differences d, and n elements in total is determined in a closed expression

$a_1a_2\cdots a_n = d^n {\left(\frac{a_1}{d}\right)}^{\overline{n}} = d^n \frac{\Gamma \left(a_1/d %2B n\right) }{\Gamma \left( a_1 / d \right) },$

where $x^{\overline{n}}$ denotes the rising factorial and $\Gamma$ denotes the Gamma function. (Note however that the formula is not valid when $a_1/d$ is a negative integer or zero.)

This is a generalization from the fact that the product of the progression $1 \times 2 \times \cdots \times n$ is given by the factorial $n!$ and that the product

$m \times (m%2B1) \times (m%2B2) \times \cdots \times (n-2) \times (n-1) \times n \,\!$

for positive integers $m$ and $n$ is given by

$\frac{n!}{(m-1)!}.$

Taking the example from above, the product of the terms of the arithmetic progression given by a_n = 3 + (n-1)(5) up to the 50th term is

$P_{50} = 5^{50} \cdot \frac{\Gamma \left(3/5 %2B 50\right) }{\Gamma \left( 3 / 5 \right) } \approx 3.78438 \times 10^{98}$

References

^ Aryabhatiya Marathi: आर्यभटीय, Mohan Apte, Pune, India, Rajhans Publications, 2009, p.95, ISBN 978-81-7434-480-9

Sigler, Laurence E. (trans.) (2002). Fibonacci's Liber Abaci. Springer-Verlag. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0-387-95419-8.

External links

Weisstein, Eric W., "Arithmetic progression" from MathWorld.
Weisstein, Eric W., "Arithmetic series" from MathWorld.

Arithmetic progression

Contents

Sum

Product

References

See Also

External links